Agent Orange Use Outside Of Vietnam
Page 4 of 11 
Agent Orange Pages
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Page 1 Operation Ranch Hand Herbicides Southeast Asia--Amounts
Used1961-1971"
Page 2 Diseases Linked To Agent Orange Exposure
Page 3 Agent Orange Korea 68-69
Page 4 Agent Orange Use Outside Of Vietnam
Page 5 The Forgotten Story of Agent Orange
Page 6 Monsanto Corporation Criminal Investigation Cover-up of Dioxin Contamination
Page 7 Leukemia, Agent Orange Link Found
Page 8 AO claim at Ft McClellan approved for Diabetes, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Page 9 Agent Orange, The Daughter Of A Veteran
Page 10 The Herbicidal Warfare Program In Vietnam, 1961 - 1971
Page 11 Agent Orange Videos
Page 12 Chemical Warfare Photos
Page 13 Monsanto's Agent Orange
Page 14 Veterans exposed To Chemicals (Bases & Posts
Contaminated)
VA has received a listing from the Defense Department of
locations outside of Viet Nam where Agent Orange was used or tested over a
number of years. The information gives periods of time, locations and chemicals
used. It does not contain units involved or individual identifying information.
The listings are almost exclusively Army records although there are an extremely
limited number of Navy and Air Force records. These listings relate only to
chemical efficacy testing and/or operational testing. The records do not refer
to the use of Agent Orange or other chemicals in routine base maintenance
activities such as spraying along railroad tracks, weed control on rifle ranges,
etc. Information on such use does not exist. VA will develop the listing for
proof of exposure for claims for disabilities resulting from Agent Orange
exposure outside of Viet Nam.
VA does have significant information regarding
Agent Orange use in Korea along the DMZ. DoD has confirmed that Agent Orange was
used from April 1968 up through July 1969 along the DMZ. DoD defoliated the
fields of fire between the front line defensive positions and the south barrier
fence. The size of the treated area was a strip of lane 151 miles long and up to
350 yards wide from the fence to north of the civilian control line. There is no
indication that herbicide was sprayed in the DMZ itself. Herbicides were applied
through hand spraying and by hand distribution of pelletized herbicides.
Although restrictions were put in place to limit potential for spray drift,
run-off, and damage to food crops, records indicate that effects of spraying
were sometimes observed as far as 200 meters down wind. Units in the area during
the period of use of herbicide were as follows:
1. The
four combat brigades of the 2nd Infantry Division. This includes the following
units: a) 1-38 Infantry b) 2-38 Infantry c) 1-23 Infantry d) 2-23 Infantry e)
3-23 Infantry f) 3-32 Infantry g) 109th Infantry h) 209th Infantry i) 1-72 Armor
j) 2-72 Armor k) 4-7th Cavalry.
2. 3rd Brigade of the 7th.
Infantry Division. This includes the following units: a) 1-17th Infantry b)
2-17th Infantry c) 1-73 Armor d) 2-10th Cavalry.
3. Field
Artillery, Signal and Engineer troops were supplied as support personnel as
required. The estimated number of exposed personnel is 12,056.
Unlike Viet Nam, exposure to Agent Orange is not presumed for veterans who
served in Korea. Claims for compensation for disabilities resulting from Agent
Orange exposure from veterans who served in Korea during this period will be
developed for evidence of exposure. If the veteran was exposed the presumptive
conditions found for Agent Orange exposure apply.
www.vba.va.gov/ro/south/spete/news/notes/0304/2.htm
Agent Orange Compensation [Non-Vietnam]: Until recently, the VA would grant
compensation to veterans exposed to Agent Orange (AO) outside of Vietnam only if
the claimant proved exposure to AO and provided a medical connection between the
current disease and that exposure. VA is making an effort to equalize the
treatment of all veterans exposed to AO. They recently announced that if
exposure outside of Vietnam were proven, and the veteran had one of the ten
diseases presumed by law to be related to exposure to AO, the medical connection
would be presumed and the claim granted unless there were other disqualifying
factors. This was noted in comments on the final rule adding diabetes to the
list of “AO diseases” in 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e), at 66 Federal Register, page 23,
166 (May 8, 2001). In addition, any veteran concerned about exposure to AO
during use, manufacture, testing or transport outside of Vietnam, may be given
an AO physical by the VA and added to the Agent Orange Registry (VHA Directive
2000-027).
The only real issue is proving exposure. All persons who served
in Vietnam are presumed to have been exposed. The VA is determining whether
Department of Defense information is sufficient to add some non-Vietnam units to
the presumptive exposure list, but none have been added as of June 2001. The
following areas outside of Vietnam have been confirmed as places where AO was
used:
- 1. The Korean demilitarized zone in 1968 and 1969 (extensive spraying).
- 2. Fort Drum, NY in 1959 (testing). Other areas where veterans allege AO to
have been sprayed include:
- 3. Guam from 1955 through 1960s (spraying).
- 4. Johnston Atoll (1972-197 was used for unused AO storage.
- 5. Panama Canal Zone from 1960s to early 1970s (spraying).
- 6. Elgin AFB (Agents Orange and Blue) on Firing Range and Viet Cong Village
- 7. Wright-Patterson AFB (OH) and Kelly AFB (TX)
FOR RELEASE: May 9, 2003
Evans Asks Secretary Rumsfeld for Information Concerning Agent Orange
and Similar Herbicide Usage in Guam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Puerto Rico and
Various Locations in the United States
Veterans Need Access to Information to Establish VA Claims Related to Herbicide
Exposure
Washington, DC - Congressman Lane Evans of Illinois, the Ranking Democrat on the
House Veterans Affairs Committee, has asked Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld
for information concerning the use and storage of Vietnam-era herbicides such as
Agent Orange, Agent Blue, and Agent White at the Anderson Air Force Base at
Yigo, Guam. Evans has been contacted by veterans who report that these
herbicides were used in Guam during the Vietnam era. Evans also provided the
Secretary with a report which indicates that dioxin has been found in soil at
the Air Force Base.
Evans also asked the Secretary for an assessment of the use, testing or storage
of Agent Orange, Agent Blue, Agent Purple, Agent White or other herbicides which
contain dioxin at locations in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Puerto Rico and various
locations in the United States. U.S. locations include sites in Maryland,
Florida, Texas, California, Georgia, Mississippi Hawaii, Rhode Island,
Pennsylvania, Arizona and Washington. Evans cautions that the amount of
herbicides used in some of these locations may have been small amounts for short
term testing and may present no danger to populations.
Evans notes that veterans who are claiming service-connection of disabilities
which have been associated with herbicide exposure have had serious difficulty
in proving exposure. "If the Department of Defense hasevidence that herbicides
were used in particular areas, during specific periods of time, that information
should be made public so that affected
veterans may receive appropriate assistance in establishing their claims," said
Evans. Evans complained, "It is more than 30 years since many of the herbicides
were used, yet veterans are still having claims denied because the Department of
Defense has not been forthcoming with information concerning the locations where
veterans may have been exposed. It is well past the time for full and open
disclosure."
_________________________________________________________________
May 7, 2003
Honorable Donald Rumsfeld
Secretary
Department of Defense
Washington, DC 20301-1000
Dear Secretary Rumsfeld:
According to a "Public Health Assessment" of Anderson Air Force Base, Yigo, Guam
which my staff has received, dioxin levels have been detected in soil at the
Main Base and other locations described in the attached document. I have also
received information from veterans who were stationed on Guam andwho have
reported the use of Agent Orange, Agent Blue and Agent White during the Vietnam
era. I am requesting that you review the enclosed document and provide me with
information concerning the use and storage of Vietnam era herbicides, including
the contaminant dioxin on Guam. I am also requesting an assessment of the use,
testing or storage of Agent Orange, Agent Blue, Agent Purple, Agent White or
other herbicides which contain dioxin, including the locations, amounts and
relevant dates at the following locations and any other location for which
documentation exists:
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland
Apalachicola National Forest (Sophoppy, Florida)
Avon Air Force Base, Florida
Beaumont, Texas
Brawley, California
Bushnell Army Air Field, Florida
Camp Detrick, Maryland
Dar and Prek Clong, Cambodia
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Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
Fort Gordon, Georgia
Fort Richie, Maryland
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Guanica, and Joyuda, Puerto Rico
Gulfport, Mississippi
Huntington County, State College, Pennsylvania
Jacksonville, Florida
Kauai, Hawaii
Kingston, Rhode Island
Kompong Cham Province, Cambodia
Laos
Las Marias, Puerto Rico
Las Mesas Cerros and La Jugua, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Loquillo, Puerto Rico
Mauna Loa, Hilo, Hawaii
Operation PACER HO (Disposal at sea)
Pinal Mountains, Globe, Arizona
Pranburi and other locations in Thailand
Prosser, Washington
Rio Grande, Puerto Rico
Wayside and Wilcox, Mississippi
I would appreciate a response to this letter by June 13, 2003. If you have
any questions about this request, please contact Mary Ellen Mc Carthy,
Democratic Staff Director, Subcommittee on Benefits. Thank you for your
efforts to improve services to our Nation's veterans.
Sincerely,
LANE EVANS
Ranking Democratic Member
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cc: The Honorable Anthony J. Principi
The Honorable Daniel L.
**************************
Even more DOD details on Agent Orange usage Outside Vietnam
Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam were
tested or stored elsewhere, including some military
bases in the United States.
The Department of Defense gave VA a list of dates and
locations of herbicide tests and storage. View dates
and locations:
§In the U.S. – Herbicide tests and storage
§Outside the U.S. – Herbicide tests and storage
View all as PDF: Herbicide Tests and Storage Outside of
Vietnam(Department
of Defense List) (224 KB, PDF)
Agent Orange: Herbicide Tests and Storage in the U.S.
Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam were tested or
stored elsewhere, including many military bases in the United
States. Below is information from the Department of Defense (DoD) on
projects to test, dispose of, or store herbicides
in the U.S. For projects outside the U.S., go
Location:
Fort Chaffee, AK
Dates: 5/16/1967 - 5/18/1967, 7/22/1967 - 7/23/1967,
8/23/1967 - 8/24/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Derrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Basic, in-house, improved desiccants and Orange, Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
Arizona
Pinal Mountains near Globe, AZ
Dates: 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969
Project Description: In 1965, the USFS began a land
improvement program in the Pinal Mountains. The program called for
spraying an area of chaparral with herbicides to accomplish the
objectives of multiple land use.
Agents: 2,4-D isooctyl-ester, 2,4,5-t isooctyl-ester, silvex,
propyleneglycolbutylether ester, 2,4,5-T butyl ester, 2,4,5-T 2-e-h
e
DoD Involvement: No
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Location
Brawley, CA
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were
done with the agent. H.F. Arle worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Orlando, FL; Cocoa, FL
Dates: 1944
Project Description: Tests were conducted in 1944 by the Army
in Orlando and Cocoa areas of Florida to determine the value of
ammonium thiocyanate and chloride as marking and defoliation agents.
They were conducted initially at ground level and later from
aircraft.
Agents: Ammonium thiocyanate and zinc chloride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Near Lake George, FL
Dates: Spring 1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent. Spraying here.
Agents: Zinc chloride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Orlando, FL at Army Grove Air Force's Tactical Center
Dates: 3/14/1944, 4/12/1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent.
Agents: Ammonium thiocynate, zinc chloride, sodium nitrate,
sodium arsenate, sodium fluoride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Marathon, FL
Dates: 3/21/1944 - 3/23/1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent. Spraying was done here.
Agents: Zinc chloride, ammonium sulphamate, ammonium
thiocynate
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Bushnell Army Air Field, FL
Dates: 2/1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to
test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under
contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it
was aerial spray experiments on potted plants.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Bushnell Army Air Field, FL
Dates: 2/1945 - 4/1945
Project Description: Trials, performed by C.W.S. personnel
from Camp Detrick, MD, tested the practicability of severely
injuring or destroying crop plants sprayed from smoke tanks mounted
on tactical aircraft.
Agents: 2,4-D and its ammonium salt
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Avon Air Force Base, FL
Dates: 2/1951 - 4/1951
Project Description: Trials were conducted at Avon Air Force
Base, FL by Chemical Corps with personnel of the Air Force and Navy
to determine the practical effectiveness of spraying pure anticrop
agents from at low volume from aircraft. C-47 and Navy XBT2D-1
aircraft with various nozzles were used.
Agents: Butyl 2,4 D
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Englin Air Force Base, FL
Dates: 11/1952 - 12/1952
Project Description: Two trials: Chemical Corps- concerned
with basic fundamental work, using 2,4-D, Air Force-concerned with
evaluating prototype large capacity spray system for aircraft
installation using 2,4,5-T, primarily. Used 3 atomizing nozzles:
Bete Fog Nozzles, Whirljet Spray Nozzles, and Fogjet 1.5F50.
Agents: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T: 143 and 974, respectively
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location
Avon Park Air Force Base, FL
Dates: Spring 1954
Project Description: Series of tests were conducted at Avon
Park AFB during the spring of 1954 to study the behavior of chemical
anticrop aerial sprays when released from high-speed jet aircraft.
The Navy F3D jet fighter was used with Aero 14A Airborne Spray Tanks
to disperse the anticrop agents.
Agents: Butyl 2,4-D, butyl 2,4,5-T, Isopropyl 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Jacksonville,
FL
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Dates: 7/18/1962 - 7/21/1962
Project Description: The HIDAL was used successfully on an
H-34 helicopter to spray herbicidal materials. Therefore, it had not
been calibrated previously. Spray tests were performed to do so.
This was done under order by OSD/ARPA.
Agents: Purple, Fuel Oil, Mix
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Eglin
AFB, FL, C-52A test area
Dates: 1962-70
Project Description: CPT John Hunter discussed vegetation
changes and ecological studies of the 2 square mile test area which
had been sprayed with herbicides over the period 1962-70.
Agents: Orange (1962-68), Purple (1962-68), White (1967-70),
Blue (1968-70)
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Apalachicola
National Forest near Sophoppy, FL
Dates: 5/3/1967 - 5/8/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Basic desiccants and Orange/Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Eglin
AFB, FL
Dates: 6/11/1968-9/12/1968
Project Description: A spread factor study was performed by
the Army to correlate the spherical drop sizes of both Orange and
Stull Bifluid defoliants. It involved development of new techniques
to determine spread factors over an extended range of drop sizes. A
spinning cup drop generator was used.
Agents: Orange, Bifluid #1, Bifluid#2, Stull Bifluid
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location2
areas in FL, 2 areas in GA, and 1 in TN
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil
applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a
jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger
plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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: Georgia
and Tennessee
Dates: 1964
Project Description: In 1964, helicopter spray tests were
conducted on transmission line rights-of-way by the Georgia Power
Company and Tennessee Valley Authority in collaboration with Fort
Detrick to evaluate effectiveness of several commercially available
herbicides.
Agents: Diquat and Tordon 101, various
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort
Gordon, GA
Dates: 7/15/1967 - 7/17/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: In-house desiccants mixtures and formulations, Orange
and Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: 2
areas in GA, 2 areas in FL, and 1 in TN
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil
applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a
jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger
plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location: Hilo,
HI
Dates: 12/1966
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed
to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season,
and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS
and OCONUS locations are provided in tables. There were Fort Detrick
personnel there.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: State
Forest area, 3500 ft.elevation on slope of Mauna Loa, near Hilo, HI
Dates: 12/2/1966, 12/4/1966, 1/12/1967
Project Description: The purpose of this project was to
evaluate iso-octyl ester of picloram (TORDON) in mixtures with
ORANGE, as a candidate defoliant agent, using ORANGE as standard.
There were personnel from Fort Detrick there.
Agents: Orange, M-3140, TORDON ester, 2,4-D ester, 2,4,5-T
ester
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Kauai,
HI
Dates: 1967
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed
to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season,
and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS
and OCONUS locations are provided in tables.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Kauai
Branch Station near Kapaa, Kawai, HI
Dates: 6/1967, 10/1967, 12/1967, 2/1968
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Blue,diquat,paraquat, Orange, PCP, Picloram, White,
HCA, 2,4,5T, Endothall
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Vigo
Plant CWS, Terre Haute, IN
Dates: 5/1945 - 9/1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to
test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under
contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it
was aerial trials spraying field grown plants.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Jefferson
Proving Grounds, Madison, IN
Dates: Summer 1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to
test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under
contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it
was dropping trials.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Hays,
KS; Langdon, ND
Dates: 1960
Project Description: Two studies on the stem rust of wheat
were conducted during 1960 to obtain data on the establishment,
development, and destructiveness of artificially induced stem rust
epiphytotics.
Agents: Stem rust of wheat
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Fort Knox, KY
Dates: 1945
Project Description: In 1945, a special project known as
Sphinx was conducted jointly by CWS and the ARML to investigate the
use of chemical agents for increasing the flammability of vegetation
prior to flame attack.
Agents: Various
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Camp Detrick, MD - Fields A, B, and C
Dates: 1946-47
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-T triethanolamine, tributylphosphate,
ethyl 2,4-D, butyl 2,4,5-Ttriet 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Camp Detrick, MD - Fields C, D, and E
Dates: 1948
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, isopropyl phenol carbamate, LN-2426, 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Camp Detrick, MD - Fields C, D, and E
Dates: 1949
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Experiments were done by Ennis, DeRose, Newman, Williamson, DeRigo,
and Thomas.
Agents: Triethelyne. 2,4,5-T, carbamates
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Camp Detrick, MD - Fields A, B, D, and E
Dates: 1950
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Experiments were done by Ennis, DeRose, Acker, Newman, Williamson,
and Zimmerly.
Agents: 2464, butyl 2,4-D, 974, butyl 2,4,5-T, q:q 143 and
974
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Camp Detrick, MD - Field F
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Experiments were done by Acker, DeRose, McLane, Newman, Williamson,
Baker, Dean, Johnson, Taylor, Walker, and Zimmerly.
Agents: 2464, carbamate, butyl 2,4-D, 143 and 974
(orange?),2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Area B, Camp Detrick, MD
Dates: Spring/Summer 1953
Project Description: Personnel at Camp Detrick tested the
feasibility of using an experimental spray tower for applying a
mixture of chemical anticrop agents to broad-leaf crops.
Agents: 3:1 mixture 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Fort Detrick, MD; Fort Ritchie, MD
Dates: 1956-57
Project Description: In 1956 And 1957, defoliation and
desiccation were carried out at Fort Detrick and Fort Ritchie,
Maryland by the Chemical Corps and Biological Warfare Research.
These were bench tests.
Agents: Various, 577 compounds
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Fort Detrick, MD
Dates: 8/1961 - 6/1963
Project Description: From 8/1961 to 6/1963, compounds were
spray-tested in the greenhouse to evaluate them as effective
defoliants, desiccants, and herbicides.
Agents: 1410 compounds
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Fort Ritchie, MD
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Dates: 1963
Project Description: Various studies were done to explore the
effectiveness of different herbicides. They were all field trials.
These studies were done by personnel from the US Army Biological
Laboratories.
Agents: Tordon, 2,4-D, Orange, diquat, endothal, and
combinations of each with Tordon
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Fort Meade, MD
Dates: 1963
Project Description: Various studies were done to explore the
effectiveness of different herbicides. They were all field trials.
These studies were done by personnel from the US Army Biological
Laboratories.
Agents: Cacodylic acid, Dowco 173, butyediol
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Poole's Island, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Dates: 7/14/1969 -
Project Description: During the week of 7/14/1969, personnel
from Naval Applied Science Laboratory in conjunction with personnel
from Limited War Laboratory conducted a defoliation test along the
shoreline.
Agents: Orange, Orange plus foam, Orange plus foam Orange,
Foam
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Near Wayside, MS, Wilcox Road, Greenville, MS
Dates: 9/19/1967
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was
awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as
pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying
vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram, bromacil, pyriclor, and terbacil, Orange,
cacodylic acid
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location:
Fulcher Ranch, Greenville, MS
Dates: 4/15/1968
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was
awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as
pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying
vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram and bromicil
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location:
Gulfport, MS
Dates: 1968-70
Project Description: While discussing the mandatory disposal
of Orange, it was mentioned that 15,161 drums were being stored at
Gulfport, Mississippi.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Galatin Valley near Bozeman, MT
Dates: 7/3/1953, 7/6/1953, 7/14/1953
Project Description: A preliminary series of field
evaluations ofchemical agents for attacking wheat using a miniature
spraying system mounted on light aircraft were performed by USDA.
Agents: 4- fluorophenoxy-acetic acid and 2 of its esters, 3:1
butyl 2,4-D and butyl 2,4,5-T
DoD Involvement: No
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Location:
Fort Drum, NY
Dates: 1959
Project Description: The Commanding General, 1st US Army,
requested that Fort Detrick assist with defoliation efforts at Fort
Drum. Thirteen drums were sprayed there on 4 square miles from a
helicopter spray device.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Langdon,
ND; Hays, KS
Dates: 1960
Project Description: Two studies on the stem rust of wheat
were conducted during 1960 to obtain data on the establishment,
development, and destructiveness of artificially induced stem rust
epiphytotics.
Agents: Stem rust of wheat
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Stone Valley Experimental Forest in Huntington County and near State
College in Centre County, PA
Dates: 3/1969 - 10/1970
Project Description: Soil- applied herbicides were studied by
the U of Pa with Ft Detrick for 18 months for their effectiveness,
rapidity of action, and duration of response in native stands of
central PA grasses, broadleaf weeds and woody plants. These
herbicides were spread or sprayed.
Agents: Bromacil, diuron, tandex, fenuron, picloram
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Kingston, RI
Dates: 7/26/1949, 1950-51
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly
towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or
to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Experiments were carried out under supervision of T.E. Odland if RI
State College. H.T. DeRigo was also there.
Agents: Trieth.2,4,5-T, butyl 2,4,5-T,974
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Tennessee
and Georgia
Dates: 1964
Project Description: In 1964, helicopter spray tests were
conducted on transmission line rights-of-way by the Georgia Power
Company and Tennessee Valley Authority in collaboration with Fort
Detrick to evaluate effectiveness of several commercially available
herbicides.
Agents: Diquat and Tordon 101, various
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: 1
in TN, 2 areas in FL, 2 areas in GA
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil
applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a
jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger
plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Beaumont, TX
Dates: 6/1944
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to
test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under
contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here,
they were testing on rice crops.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: No
Location:
Beaumont, TX
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were
done with the agent. Coghill, Hasse, and Yeatner worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location:
Weslaco, TX
Dates: 5/1967 - 1/1969
Project Description: 71 new arsenic compounds were tested in
primary screening against 6 plant species in greenhouse tests. Then,
5 of the most active compounds were tested in field trials against
Red Maple and compared to formulations of cacodylic acid and a 50:50
blend of orange and sodium cacodylate. The Ansul Co. for DoD.
Agents: Arsenic compounds, Orange, cacodylic acid, sodium
cacodylate
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Granite Peak, UT
Dates: Summer 1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to
test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under
contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it
was dropping trials.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
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:
Prosser, WA
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of
accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by
application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were
done with the agent. V.F. Burns worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location:
Marinette, WI
Dates: 5/1967 - 1/1969
Project Description: 71 new arsenic compounds were tested in
primary screening against 6 plant species in greenhouse tests. Then,
5 of the most active compounds were tested in field trials against
Red Maple and compared to formulations of cacodylic acid and a 50:50
blend of orange and sodium cacodylate. The Ansul Co. for DoD.
Agents: Arsenic compounds, Orange, cacodylic acid, sodium
cacodylate
DoD Involvement: Yes
Agent Orange: Herbicide Tests and
Storage Outside the U.S.
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Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam
were tested or stored elsewhere, including in countries outside of
the U.S. Below is information from the Department of Defense (DoD)
on projects to test, dispose of, or store herbicides outside the
U.S. For projects in the U.S., go to
Location:
Southeastern part of Kompong Cham Province and Dar and Prek Clong
plantations, Cambodia
Dates: 6/1969
Project Description: In 6/1969, the US government received
notice of charge by Cambodian government that major defoliation
damage to the Cambodian rubber plantation near the RVN border had
occurred as a result of US defoliation activity. This was confirmed
by a team of experts.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Base Gagetown near Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Dates: 6/20/1967 - 6/24/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Basic desiccants and Orange, Blue, various
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Kumbla, South India
Dates: 1945-1946
Project Description: The main objective of the experiments
was to determine the feasibility of accomplishing severe injury or
destruction of tropical food crops by the application of
growth-inhibiting (LN*) compounds in static trials. Field plantings
were treated with various agents at different rates in different
forms.
Agents: LN compounds *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Korea, third Brigade, 2nd Division area
Dates: 7/23/1968 - 7/24/1968
Project Description: In 1968, chemicals were sent from the
Plant Sciences Lab, Ft Detrick, MD, to the Republic of Korea for the
purpose of testing their effectiveness in the control of vegetation.
Agents: Hyvar XWS, tandex, Urox B, Urox Oil concentrate
(liquids) bromacil, tandex, Urox 22 (solids)
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location
Location :
Korea, third Brigade, 2nd Division area
Dates: 10/3/1968
Project Description: In 1968, chemicals were sent from the
Plant Sciences Lab, Ft Detrick, MD, to the Republic of Korea for the
purpose of testing their effectiveness in the control of vegetation.
Agents: Hyvar XWS, tandex, Urox B, Urox Oil concentrate
(liquids) bromacil, tandex, Urox 22 (solids)
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Laos
Dates: 12/1965 - 1967
Project Description: In December 1965, herbicide operations
were begun in Laos, with sorties being flown from Tan Son Nhut and
Da Nang. The purpose was the exposure of foot trails, dirt roads and
other LOCs that crossed into SVN. This network leads from NVN,
through the eastern panhandle, to Combodian border.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location:
Las
Mesas and La Jagua experimental areas at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Dates: 2/1956 - 6/1956
Project Description: During February to June, 9 chemicals
were evaluated in PR on 16 genera tropical woody plants. The
chemicals were applied in highly concentrated solutions with a
microsprayer to the leaves.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, pentachlorophenol, ammate, weedazol,
endothal Harvestaid, Butyne -1,4-diol
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location
: Guanica
and Joyuda, Puerto Rico
Dates: 6/1956 - 9/1956
Project Description: 9 chemicals were evaluated on 16 genera
of tropical woody between June and September. The chemicals were
sprayed to duplicate small branches, using a microsprayer.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, potassium cyanate, amiendo, F-2, 6-Ca-4, Y-F
Tree and Brush Kiler, ACP M-118, ShedA-Leaf
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Joyuda at Cabo Rojo, and Guanica
Insular Forest at Guanica, Puerto Rico
Dates: 9/1956-12/1956
Project Description: 16 compounds with defoliating properties
were evaluated using 28 different tropical woody plants, each
representing a separate genus. The chemicals were applied to
duplicate small branches with a microsprayer and to single larger
branches or whole trees with a 2-gallon knapsack sprayer.
Agents: 6-Ca-4,Liojn Oil,2,4,5-T, B-1613, B-1638, Ammate,
V-C1-186, endothal, shed-a-leaf, M-118, Y-F,esteron
2,4-D,F3,F4,F5,F6
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Las
Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Guanica Beach, Puerto Rico
Dates: 1/1957 - 3/1957
Project Description: 7 compounds were evaluated on 29
different woody plants to determine their effectiveness as
defoliants, desiccants, and as killing agents. They were applied
with a microsprayer to the upper leaf surfaces of duplicate small
branches.
Agents: V-C 3-105, V-C 1-21, V-C 1-443, F-7, TBP, Phillips
713, V-C 3-173
DoD Involvement: Yes
Dates: 4/1957 - 6/1957
Project Description: 7 compounds were sprayed on 25 different
plants in order to evaluate their effectiveness as defoliants,
desiccants, and killing agents. The compounds were applied with a
microsprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of duplicate small
branches.
Agents: B-1676, B-1638, NP 1098, SD 1369, Ammate, Shed-a-leaf
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Las
Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Dates: 7/1957 - 12/1957
Project Description: 8 different spray formulations were
applied to 16 different tropical trees and shrubs in order to
evaluate their effectiveness as defoliants, desiccants, and killing
agents.
Agents: MgClO3, Golden Harvest Defoliant, Dow-M562, F-8, F9,
F-10, F-11, F-12
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location:
Loquillo,
Puerto Rico
Dates: 4/1966, 10/1966
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed
to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season,
and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS
and OCONUS locations are provided in tables.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location
: Las
Marias, Puerto Rico
Dates: 2/1967 - 12/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967,
a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel
from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract
research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by
USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Various, including Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
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Location: Near
Rio Grande, on the northeast coast of Puerto Rico
Dates: 8/23/1967, 10/18/1967, 12/21/1967-12/26/1967
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was
awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as
pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying
vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram, bromacil, pyriclor, and terbacil
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location : Las
Mesas Cerros, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Dates: 5/24/1968, 5/26/1968, 5/27/1968
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was
awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as
pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying
vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram, bromacil, pyriclor
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
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Location: At
Sea
Dates: Summer 1977
Project Description: In 1977, the USAF incinerated 2.22
million gallons of Herbicide Orange at sea in an operation entitled
PACER HO. Extensive industrial hygiene sampling efforts supporting
the transfer operations at Gulfport, MS and Johnston Island
indicated all exposures were inconsequential (2-3 orders of
magnitude below the TLVs for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T).
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes (Gulfport, MS); No (Johnston Island)
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Location: Replacement
Training Center of the Royal Thai Army near Pranburi, Thailand
Dates: 1964 and 1965
Project Description: An extensive series of tests were
conducted by Fort Detrick during 1964 and 1965 in collaboration with
the Military Research and Development Center of Thailand. The
objective was to perform onsite evaluation of phytotoxic chemicals
on vegetation in SE Asia.
Agents: Orange, Purple
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Thailand
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Dates: 1964-65
Project Description: Sponsored by ARPA; ARPA Order 423,
Between the mentioned dates, there was a large-scale test program to
determine effectiveness of mentioned agents in defoliation of upland
forest or jungle vegetation representative of SEA.
Agents: Purple, Orange, Others
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Thailand
Dates: 1964-65
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed
to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season,
and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS
and OCONUS locations are provided in tables.
Agents: Orange, Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
Guam & Agent
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Thank you, Bob
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